Face Negotiation Theory
Stella Ting-Toomey
Cultural Context—Intercultural Communication
Speech Codes Theory
Theory Overview (7th Edition)
Abstracts appear in Appendix A of the text
People from collectivistic cultures with an interdependent self-image are concerned with giving other-face or mutual face, so they adopt a conflict style of avoiding or integrating. People from individualistic cultures with an independent self-image are concerned with protecting self-face, so they adopt a conflict style of dominating. (Socio-cultural and socio-psychological traditions)