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Theory Key Names
11th Edition

Annotated list of scholars and terms, from the Instructors Manual and margin notes in the text

List mode: Normal (click on theory name to show detail) | Show All details | Clear details

Chapter 16Cognitive Dissonance


  • Leon Festinger
    • A former Stanford University social psychologist and creator of the theory of cognitive dissonance.
  • Cognitive dissonance
    • The distressing mental state caused by inconsistency between a person’s two beliefs or a belief and an action.
  • Selective exposure
    • The tendency people have to avoid information that would create cognitive dissonance because it’s incompatible with their current beliefs.
  • Dieter Frey
    • A German psychologist who concluded that selective exposure exists only when information is known to be a threat.
  • Postdecision dissonance
    • Strong doubts experienced after making an important, close-call decision that is difficult to reverse.
  • Minimal justification hypothesis
    • A claim that the best way to stimulate an attitude change in others is to offer just enough incentive to elicit counterattitudinal behavior.
  • Compliance
    • Public conformity to another’s expectation without necessarily having a private conviction that matches the behavior.
  • Counterattitudinal Advocacy
    • Publicly urging others to believe or do something that is opposed to what the advocate actually believes.
  • Dissonance thermometer
    • A hypothetical, reliable gauge of the dissonance a person feels as a result of inconsistency.
  • Self-perception theory
    • The claim that we determine our attitudes the same way that outside observers do—by observing our behavior; an alternative to cognitive dissonance theory.
  • Elliot Aronson
    • A University of California social psychologist who argued that cognitive dissonance is caused by psychological—rather than logical—inconsistency.
  • Joel Cooper
    • A Princeton University psychologist who argues that dissonance is caused by the knowledge that one’s actions have unnecessarily hurt another person.
  • Claude Steele
    • A Stanford University psychologist who argues that high self-esteem is a resource for dissonance reduction.
  • Patricia Devine
    • A University of Wisconsin—Madison psychologist who believes that dissonance needs to be measured more accurately, particularly by biometric devices.
  • Daryl Bem
    • A Cornell University psychologist who argues that self-perception is a much simpler explanation of attitude change than is cognitive dissonance.


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Theory Key Names
11th Edition

Annotated list of scholars and terms, from the Instructors Manual and margin notes in the text

List mode: Normal (click on theory name to show detail) | Show All details | Clear details

Chapter 16Cognitive Dissonance


  • Leon Festinger
    • A former Stanford University social psychologist and creator of the theory of cognitive dissonance.
  • Cognitive dissonance
    • The distressing mental state caused by inconsistency between a person’s two beliefs or a belief and an action.
  • Selective exposure
    • The tendency people have to avoid information that would create cognitive dissonance because it’s incompatible with their current beliefs.
  • Dieter Frey
    • A German psychologist who concluded that selective exposure exists only when information is known to be a threat.
  • Postdecision dissonance
    • Strong doubts experienced after making an important, close-call decision that is difficult to reverse.
  • Minimal justification hypothesis
    • A claim that the best way to stimulate an attitude change in others is to offer just enough incentive to elicit counterattitudinal behavior.
  • Compliance
    • Public conformity to another’s expectation without necessarily having a private conviction that matches the behavior.
  • Counterattitudinal Advocacy
    • Publicly urging others to believe or do something that is opposed to what the advocate actually believes.
  • Dissonance thermometer
    • A hypothetical, reliable gauge of the dissonance a person feels as a result of inconsistency.
  • Self-perception theory
    • The claim that we determine our attitudes the same way that outside observers do—by observing our behavior; an alternative to cognitive dissonance theory.
  • Elliot Aronson
    • A University of California social psychologist who argued that cognitive dissonance is caused by psychological—rather than logical—inconsistency.
  • Joel Cooper
    • A Princeton University psychologist who argues that dissonance is caused by the knowledge that one’s actions have unnecessarily hurt another person.
  • Claude Steele
    • A Stanford University psychologist who argues that high self-esteem is a resource for dissonance reduction.
  • Patricia Devine
    • A University of Wisconsin—Madison psychologist who believes that dissonance needs to be measured more accurately, particularly by biometric devices.
  • Daryl Bem
    • A Cornell University psychologist who argues that self-perception is a much simpler explanation of attitude change than is cognitive dissonance.


You can access the Key Names for a particular chapter in several ways:

  • Switch to View by Theory, then select the desired theory/chapter from the drop-down list at the top of the page. Look in the list of available resources.
  • To quickly find a theory by chapter number, use the Table of Contents and link from there. It will take you directly to the theory with available options highlighted.
  • You can also use the Theory List, which will take you directly to the theory with available options highlighted.

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