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Theory Key Names
11th Edition

Annotated list of scholars and terms, from the Instructors Manual and margin notes in the text

List mode: Normal (click on theory name to show detail) | Show All details | Clear details

Chapter  9Uncertainty Reduction Theory


  • Charles Berger
    • A communication theorist at the University of California, Davis, who developed uncertainty reduction theory.
  • Fritz Heider
    • As the founder of attribution theory, this psychologist argued that we constantly draw inferences about why people do what they do.
  • Attribution theory
    • A systematic explanation of how people draw inferences about the character of others based on observed behavior.
  • Uncertainty reduction
    • Increased knowledge of what kind of person another is, which provides an improved forecast of how a future interaction will turn out.
  • Axiom
    • A self-evident truth that requires no additional proof.
  • Malcolm Parks and Mara Adelman
    • Communication researchers from University of Washington and Seattle University, respectively, who have demonstrated that there is a relationship between shared communication networks and uncertainty reduction.
  • Theorem
    • A proposition that logically and necessarily follows from two axioms.
  • Relational Anxiety
    • The feeling of being uneasy, tense, worried, or apprehensive about what might happen in a relationship.
  • Efficacy
    • Perception that one has the ability to produce a desired result.
  • Passive strategy
    • Impression formation by observing a person interact with others.
  • Active strategy
    • Impression formation by asking a third party about a person.
  • Interactive strategy
    • Impression formation through face-to-face discussion with a person.
  • Extractive strategy
    • Impression formation by searching the Internet for information about a person.
  • Leanne Knobloch
    • Communication scholar at the University of Illinois who explores uncertainty in ongoing relationships and the resulting relational turbulence.
  • Relational uncertainty
    • Doubts about our own thoughts, the thoughts of the other person, or the future of the relationship.
  • Partner interference
    • Occurs when a relational partner hinders goals, plans, and activities.
  • Relational turbulence
    • Negative emotions arising from perceived problems in a close relationship.
  • Kathy Kellermann and Rodney Reynolds
    • Communication scholars who have questioned the motivational assumption of Berger's axiom 3 and the claim that motivation to search for information is increased by anticipation of future interaction, incentive value, and deviance.
  • Michael Sunnafrank
    • A communication scholar from the University of Minnesota, Duluth, who believes that predicted outcome value more accurately explains communication in early encounters than does Berger's account of uncertainty reduction.
  • Predicted outcome value
    • A forecast of future benefits and costs of interaction based on limited experience with the other.
  • Walid Afifi
    • A communication scholar from the University of California at Santa Barbara who proposed the theory of motivated information management.


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Theory Key Names
11th Edition

Annotated list of scholars and terms, from the Instructors Manual and margin notes in the text

List mode: Normal (click on theory name to show detail) | Show All details | Clear details

Chapter  9Uncertainty Reduction Theory


  • Charles Berger
    • A communication theorist at the University of California, Davis, who developed uncertainty reduction theory.
  • Fritz Heider
    • As the founder of attribution theory, this psychologist argued that we constantly draw inferences about why people do what they do.
  • Attribution theory
    • A systematic explanation of how people draw inferences about the character of others based on observed behavior.
  • Uncertainty reduction
    • Increased knowledge of what kind of person another is, which provides an improved forecast of how a future interaction will turn out.
  • Axiom
    • A self-evident truth that requires no additional proof.
  • Malcolm Parks and Mara Adelman
    • Communication researchers from University of Washington and Seattle University, respectively, who have demonstrated that there is a relationship between shared communication networks and uncertainty reduction.
  • Theorem
    • A proposition that logically and necessarily follows from two axioms.
  • Relational Anxiety
    • The feeling of being uneasy, tense, worried, or apprehensive about what might happen in a relationship.
  • Efficacy
    • Perception that one has the ability to produce a desired result.
  • Passive strategy
    • Impression formation by observing a person interact with others.
  • Active strategy
    • Impression formation by asking a third party about a person.
  • Interactive strategy
    • Impression formation through face-to-face discussion with a person.
  • Extractive strategy
    • Impression formation by searching the Internet for information about a person.
  • Leanne Knobloch
    • Communication scholar at the University of Illinois who explores uncertainty in ongoing relationships and the resulting relational turbulence.
  • Relational uncertainty
    • Doubts about our own thoughts, the thoughts of the other person, or the future of the relationship.
  • Partner interference
    • Occurs when a relational partner hinders goals, plans, and activities.
  • Relational turbulence
    • Negative emotions arising from perceived problems in a close relationship.
  • Kathy Kellermann and Rodney Reynolds
    • Communication scholars who have questioned the motivational assumption of Berger's axiom 3 and the claim that motivation to search for information is increased by anticipation of future interaction, incentive value, and deviance.
  • Michael Sunnafrank
    • A communication scholar from the University of Minnesota, Duluth, who believes that predicted outcome value more accurately explains communication in early encounters than does Berger's account of uncertainty reduction.
  • Predicted outcome value
    • A forecast of future benefits and costs of interaction based on limited experience with the other.
  • Walid Afifi
    • A communication scholar from the University of California at Santa Barbara who proposed the theory of motivated information management.


You can access the Key Names for a particular chapter in several ways:

  • Switch to View by Theory, then select the desired theory/chapter from the drop-down list at the top of the page. Look in the list of available resources.
  • To quickly find a theory by chapter number, use the Table of Contents and link from there. It will take you directly to the theory with available options highlighted.
  • You can also use the Theory List, which will take you directly to the theory with available options highlighted.

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